copperhead antivenom cost. If someone has been bitten by a venomous snake, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. copperhead antivenom cost

 
If someone has been bitten by a venomous snake, it is important to seek medical attention promptlycopperhead antivenom cost  “The decision on whether to use antivenom is complex and depends on the

He needed 12 vials of antivenom, which cost about $200,000, The N&O reported at the time. Call the NC Poison Control: 1-800-222-1222. The proportion of copperhead victims receiving antivenom has increased significantly, from 21% in 2001 to 36% in 2007, with significant regional variations . The final cost is even higher for patients. It is extremely rare for a copperhead bite to cause major problems or death with adults, but a 3 year old is a lot smaller. Here’s how much that’ll cost you. Antivenom costs an arm and a leg- you know- the ones you're trying to save from that snakebite. 00 Details. If the dose of venom is high enough, then the dog needs antivenom. If you cannot afford antivenom for your dog, you may need to consider other ways to treat their illness. They have clear night-vision because of their large eyes. If the dog is calmer, this will slow his pulse. Hospital bill Billed amount: $335,441 of which $321,000 was the anti-venom. Copperheads are the most venomous snake in the United States. ab’) 2AV vs FabAV in the treatment of copperhead envenomation–One center's experience Jason B. 25 vials per dog were administered on average. Administration of antivenom was associated with a large increase in the odds of admission to the hospital, even when controlling for bite severity. As of August 16, BRPC — which addresses poison concerns for much of central and western Virginia — had helped with more than 85 venomous snakebite cases. Double-click to zoom out. Antivenin Venom Vet is indicated for the management of minimal to severe North American crotalid envenomation in dogs 6 months of age and older. A King Cobra bite could require 20 vials, although 50 is not unheard of. There are more than 8,000 reported venomous snakebites in the United States per year, with greater than 2,000 cases treated with antivenom. While the mean number of total vials of antivenom was significantly different between the CroFab (10. Antivenin for Dogs, 10 ml Vial helps neutralize the venom in snakebites. How much does snake antivenom cost? At UNC Health : For a typical initial dose of four to six vials, the total charge for the antivenom can range from $76,000 to $115,000 , per UNC Health’s. 25 vials per dog were administered on average. Copperhead bites are more likely to be fatal than those of other species, with a rate of 1. So for a single, smaller rattlesnake bite that would need four vials of antivenin, the cost is $9,200. He needed 12 vials of antivenom, which cost about $200,000, The N&O reported at the time. His parents got the bill. Beyond the normal costs of emergency care, the average vial of antivenom costs $600 to $1000, and your pet may need more than one. A couple of real life examples: In 2020, a teenager was bitten by a copperhead in Hillsborough. They have the largest venom glands of any snake, and can inject up to 1,000 milligrams (mg) of venom in a single bite. Background Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine) (FabAV) antivenin is commonly recommended after pit viper snakebites. 2. Antivenom — to neutralize the snake venom in the dog’s body. It was one of the scariest moments of my life when my dog Lily was bitten by a venomous Copperhead snake. Increasing the dose can, in turn, affect the cost of treatment and the risk of developing adverse reactions to the antivenom . However, there are several challenges associated with administering antivenom to a dog. 2010. CroFab Antivenom Versus Placebo for Copperhead Snake Envenomation Gerardo et al. Here’s what UNC Health, Duke Health and WakeMed charge for antivenom, plus insurance coverage and discounts available. They have the largest venom glands of any snake, and can inject up to 1,000 milligrams (mg) of venom in a single bite. How much does copperhead antivenom cost? How much does snake antivenom cost? The N&O spoke with UNC Health and Duke Health for answers: At UNC Health: For a typical initial dose of four to six vials, the total charge for the antivenom treatment can range from $76,000 to $115,000, UNC Health's pharmacy team said through local news director. Jun 8, 2022[3] April 20, 2023 · 11 min read. They also often den inside logs and in holes carved out by mammals. By Kevin Keister. The definitive treatment of North American crotalid snakebites is antivenin. Although risk-benefit calculations favor antivenom administration in most clinical situations, both antivenom products are. His hand started to swell immediately, and he had to be hospitalized overnight, The News. “People ask for it all the time. How Much Is Antivenom For A Copperhead? Antivenom costs an arm and a leg- you know- the ones you’re trying to save from that snakebite. The News & Observer reported last summer that antivenom at WakeMed costs between $11,000 and $14,000 per vial, spokesperson Kristin Kelly said. The study, published in the Journal of the American. Each vial. Chandler received nine vials of intravenous antivenom treatments at Duke Health following his bite in May. Carotenuto. The habitats in which copperheads live include rocky, forested, and marshy areas. A single vial of Boomslang antivenom costs $5500 and one could require up to 3 vials to counteract a serious bite. Marks said it’s uncommon to give antivenom for a copperhead bite. Most deaths are from envenomations by rattlesnakes (Crotalus species), but. I was bitten by a Copperhead Snake just below my left ankle 5/21/06 at 2320 hours. The treatment of CroFab costs about $2,300 a vial, and many snake bite victims can require up to 18 vials for a full treatment. Although these envenomations (also known as envenomings) are rarely fatal, about 70 percent require antivenom therapy. How long do you have after a copperhead bite? Even though copperhead envenomation is rarely fatal, virtually all patients experience pain and swelling of the envenomated limb [6,8-11]. Several thousand snakebites occur annually in the US, but fewer than 10 deaths occur. Gators also have a very strong sense of. Carotenuto. "• At Duke Heath: The N&O reported in 2020 that 12 vials of antivenom cost $200,000. Hospitals pay an estimated $2,300 per vial. How Much Does The Stinnett Copperhead Cane Cost. Shorten hospital stays, reducing non-antivenom costs regarding snake bite care. If you are quickly released as an outpatient, Part B covers 80 percent of the costs associated with medically. July 1, 2022 at 8:26 AM. 2 mg phenol, 8 mg sodium chloride and water for injections to 1 mL in an aqueous solution. There is a range of severity, from dry. His father’s insurance brought the out. “The antivenom is so expensive, we only give as much as we have to,” says Dr. Researchers also study venom for its potential medical uses, such as the treatment of cancer , arthritis and Alzheimer’s disease . Did some research on the venom after losing a good dog to a brown snake. For the typical initial dose of four to six vials, this costs at least $44,000. Beyond the normal costs of emergency care, the average vial of antivenom costs $600 to $1000, and your pet may need more than one. Price. “But my recommendation, with 30 years. Conservative treatment of copperhead snakebites without antivenin. It contains a neuro toxin, blood coagulant and breaks down the red blood cells that carry oxygen. 5 per 1,500 person years for all other snakes (1). 9, 10, 17, 19 – 21 This debate has been influenced by the low mortality associated with these bites, questionable effects on coagulation, the high cost of the drug, and the prior uncertainty about. Crofab (Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab) · Crotalus atrox. Factors to consider may include severity of envenomation, physician preference, and cost. The four vials of anti-venom medication Ferguson received reportedly cost about $20,000 each. He needed 12 vials of antivenom, which cost about $200,000, The N&O reported at the time. Copperhead bites are more likely to be fatal than those of other species, with a rate of 1. How much is the rattlesnake vaccine for dogs? A single dose of the vaccine costs in the range of $25 to $50, and dogs need a second dose three to six weeks later. Over time, your body will repair the damage caused by the venom, but antivenom can make it a much smaller repair job. View complete answer on newsobserver. doi: 10. Our center that sees primarily copperhead snake bites added the recently approved treatment as a second option for the 2022 snake bite season. Medical bill for Oakley Yoder, 10, totalled nearly $143,000 (£108,500) with roughly half of this for four. Benadryl is safe to use on dogs and is a common home remedy for snake bites. I was bitten by a Copperhead Snake just below my left ankle 5/21/06 at 2320 hours. If you add these up, a man bitten in the US by a venomous snake. Fortunately it is a much cheaper antivenom (though also not as effective as others either) at just $40 per vial. Regardless of which antivenom is used, initial therapy for snake enven-omation has not changed. By Ashad Hajela Updated June 23, 2020 2:39 PM A snake later identified as a corn snake crosses. His hand started to swell immediately, and he had to be hospitalized overnight, The News. Average lifespan. A couple of real life examples: In 2020, a teenager was bitten by a copperhead in Hillsborough. Ian’s hand healed completely, and his father’s insurance helped bring the family’s cost down to $175, Carabetta said. VetDepot is not a pharmacy. But, we had to act quickly or she would be gone. Hospitals pay an estimated $2,300 per vial. The final cost is even higher for patients. " WakeMed told us they charge $11,765 per vial, and again pointed. [7] What Do They Do For A Copperhead Bite? Lay or sit the person down with the bite below the level of the heart. We usually start reminding readers about copperhead snakes, North Carolina’s most common venomous snake, in early summer. Dog Snakebite Treatment. Try and keep calm, so that your dog is also encouraged to be calm. That high ticket is because treatment for a bite from a venomous snake often requires six to eight vials of antivenom at around $2,300 a pop. 2 meters) and a maximum weight of over 1,000 pounds (454 kilograms). In addition, you may want to mark the edge of the swelling so that you can see how or if the swelling increases over time. Avoid irrigating your lawn so it does not attract egg-laying Japanese beetle adults. Available in single dose, ready to use 10 ml vials. But it. I'm still tired and thirsty, but. Finding Copperhead Dens. Current management primarily. The market price of antivenom ranges from $11,000 to $14,000 per vial at UNC Health and WakeMed in 2023, according to spokespeople. Keywords searched by users: How long do you have after a copperhead bite how long does it take for a copperhead bite to kill you, do you need antivenom for copperhead bite, copperhead antivenom cost, can you die from a copperhead bite, long-term effects of copperhead bite, copperhead bite pictures, copperhead venom type,. Clearly Explained! How Much Does Copperhead Antivenom Cost? Clearly Explained! A bite by a copperhead (agkistrodon contortrix) rarely requires any intervention other than. The level of antibodies wanes over time, so. The hospital cost for the patients receiving F(ab’) 2 AV was $13,054. Download. Food and Drug Administration has extended the expiration. Washing the wound could increase the absorption of the venom. Licensing fees legal costs: About 28 percent of the cost. Usually antivenom doses are not adjusted based on a child’s weight or age because the antivenom dosage should reflect venom load rather than patient size. Presently, copperhead bites are treated with CroFab, a treatment tested and proven for cottonmouth and rattlesnake bites. For patients who need to be in the emergency room, the final cost is higher. " WakeMed told us they charge $11,765 per vial, and again pointed. 4,5,9,15-18 These conflicting recommendations have resulted in wide practice variation, with 0% to 90% of patients at individual hospitals receiving antivenom. doi: 10. Pyle easily removed the copperhead by placing a large plastic trash can near the snake. . The level of antibodies wanes over time, so. 1, 2 Envenomation can present with systemic toxicity, hemotoxicity, and venom-induced tissue injury. 1016/j. Bottom line: if your cat or dog is bitten by a snake, Marks recommends seeing a veterinarian. Is A. For instance, a typical antivenom vial costs $1,500 to $2,200, but a snakebite requires between 20 and 25 vials to be neutralized. Several thousand snakebites occur annually in the US, but fewer than 10 deaths occur. How much does copperhead antivenom cost? Antivenom costs an arm and a leg- you know- the ones you're trying to save from that snakebite. His father. View complete answer on fox5atlanta. Don’t even put an ice pack on the bite, as this may cause further tissue damage. He needed 12 vials of antivenom, which cost about $200,000, The N&O reported at the time. 6k. Supreme IT is a broad-spectrum insecticide that is labeled for treating over 70 different labeled insect pests. • In 2020, a teenager was bitten by a copperhead in Hillsborough. antivenom cost . Ann Emerg Med. Manufacturing costs, product improvements and research all factor into the drug’s price, said Chris Sampson, spokesman for BTG. Do call 9-1-1 immediately. How Much Is Antivenom For A Copperhead? Antivenom costs an arm and a leg- you know- the ones you’re trying to save from that snakebite. The proportion of copperhead victims receiving antivenom has increased significantly, from 21% in 2001 to 36% in 2007, with significant regional variations . • In 2020, a teenager was bitten by a copperhead in Hillsborough. Duke Health is a trial site for a drug that could be the first universal antivenom to treat any kind of snake bite — including North Carolina’s ubiquitous copperhead. For example, an observational study of 81 adult and pediatric patients who were managed without antivenom therapy after snakebite (45 copperhead, 12 water moccasin [cottonmouth], 10 rattlesnake, and 14 unknown) reported no fatalities or long-term morbidity . The reasons behind the higher survival rate for cats if they receive antivenom treatment have been a mystery. Keep the bitten area still, if possible, and raise it to heart level. copperhead antivenom . His father’s insurance brought the. “Copperhead bites can cause. How much does copperhead antivenom cost for dogs? Depending on the distributor, a veterinary clinician may be able to purchase this antivenom for about $1000. States, copperheads are the most frequently reported species of snakebite, accounting for more than one-third of all reported bites. When the family went to the hospital, they said there was no anti-venom readily. That works out to $16,989. Click and drag to zoom in. Marks said it’s uncommon to give antivenom for a copperhead bite. Current management of copperhead snakebite. Treatment for bites include supportive care and sometimes antivenom. There is a range of severity, from dry bite, mild, moderate to severe. In severe envenomations, multiple vials of antivenom may be required, although this is frequently cost-prohibitive in veterinary patients. East Texas Medical Center, Crockett, Texas. Cost to manufacture the antivenom: 10 percent of the sticker price. After two nights in the hospital, Lily made it through and had a positive response to the anti-venom. Duke Health is a trial site for a drug that could be the first universal antivenom to treat any kind of snake bite — including North Carolina’s ubiquitous copperhead. Crotalidae, colloquially known as pit vipers, are venomous snakes found throughout the continental United States and Canada. At this point, they’ll check your dog for symptoms of the poison and will most often give them an antivenom treatment. e. Examine the Data. The majority of studies and guidelines promoting or describing aggressive use of antivenom in copperhead bites have been published from 2010 onward, and there have been studies showing lack of. The patient had found the snake in his backyard, and he sustained the bite to his. ” Antivenom can save your life, but it doesn’t come cheap. At UNC Health: For a typical initial dose of four to six vials, the total charge for the antivenom treatment can range from $76,000 to $115,000, UNC Health’s pharmacy team said through local news director Alan Wolf. [Medline] . The rattlesnake vaccine (Crotalus atrox toxoid) was developed in 2003 by Red Rock Biologics. 03:00 Nov 21, 2023 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00 Nov 22, 2023 03:00 8800 9000 9200 9400. 00. If you are bitten by a snake, call 911 or go to the ER immediately, even if you don’t think the snake is venomous. Antivenom use, bite severity, and disposition were. It gets out and about at the first sign of warm weather. Increased administration clearly has cost implications for envenomated patients and hospitals stocking antivenoms. Don’t put on a tourniquet, as it’s far too easy to cause worse harm to yourself. vials if copperhead envenomation) and 10 vials of Anavip®. We describe the first reported case of a copperhead envenomation resulting in a hand compartment syndrome with measured elevated. The objectiveThe efficacy of fab antivenom versus placebo plus optional rescue therapy on recovery from copperhead snake envenomation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Call the NC Poison Control: 1-800-222-1222. Even 10 vials of antivenom didn’t stop the reaction. For the first time in nearly 20 years, 2 antigen-binding fragment (Fab) antivenoms are available to treat patients who incur North American pit viper snakebites: Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine), or simply FabAV; and Crotalidae immune F(ab′)2 (equine), or simply F(ab′)2. Purified centrifuged lyophilized freeze-dried copperhead, cottonmouth and rattlesnake venom for sale. 1 percent,. Antivenin Venom Vet is indicated for the management of minimal to severe North American crotalid envenomation in dogs 6 months of age and older. Copperhead bites account for nearly 40% of all snakebites in the United States. 12. The patient survived. 9. 2020 Jan 24;77 (3):175-187. Ethical considerations in design of a study to evaluate a US Food and Drug Administration–approved indication: antivenom versus placebo for copperhead. For insects that Copperhead Snakes prey upon, apply Supreme IT. Our center that sees primarily copperhead snake bites added the recently approved treatment as a second option for. . 049. Depending on the plan, most insurance companies cover a portion of the anti-venom. 034. Antivenom administration is associated with potentially severe allergic reactions; it should only occur in a continuously monitored emergency or intensive care unit setting. 803-771-8353. For the. Beyond the risk to your pet, the treatment is expensive—often more than $2,500. One professor at Texas A&M University’s College of. Of these, there were 2035 copperhead, 753 rattlesnake, 255 cottonmouth, and 1,028 unknown crotalid bites. A Washington, D. Move yourself and your dog away from the snake to try and prevent any further bites. At UNC Health: For a typical initial dose of four to six vials, the total charge for the antivenom treatment can range from $76,000 to $115,000, UNC Health’s pharmacy team said. Be aware that venom is eliminated from the body via lymphatics and proximal extension is to be expected. A Copperhead bite will cause your dog to become sick and can be fatal if not treated quickly. The cottonmouth is more aggressive, but. We hypothesized that the frequency of antivenom use for copperhead envenomation in Ohio has increased as benefits of administration became more widely known. Bush SP, Ruha A-M, Seifert SA, et al. 2. Heck, we even had copperhead sightings in the Triangle during a warm snap this past. If your dog was bitten on the face or the neck, for example, the vet. Lipps isolated the protein responsible for this immunity and found that peptides containing its first 10 or 15 amino acids seemed to. 00 per vial. 12. How much is the rattlesnake vaccine for dogs? A single dose of the vaccine costs in the range of $25 to $50, and dogs need a second dose three to six weeks later. 1093/ajhp/zxz278. 3 Flowchart for the management of snakebite* * Reproduced with permission from Toxicology and Wilderness Expert Group. In 2020, a teenager was bitten by a copperhead in Hillsborough. Antivenom (or antivenin) is administered only when severe local or systemic symptoms are noted. Antivenom for. Copperhead snakes frequently hibernate in dens made up of rocks. Background. In the typical copperhead victim, maintenance therapy increases the cost of treatment by. 8 million to 2. 2015;53:37-45. How much does a vial of copperhead. These are called dry bites and they occur in about 20-30% of pit viper bites and in about 50% of coral snakebites. The Crotalinae subfamily of snakes is responsible for 98% of the nearly 9,000 venomous bites in the United States per year. Initial experience with Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom in the treatment of copperhead snakebite. June 08, 2022 2:44 PMReview of North American pit viper antivenoms. k. $3200 ($32. Snake Repellent for Yard powerful, Snake Away Repellent for Outdoors Pet Safe, 10 Pack Moth Balls Snake Repellent for Copperhead, Waterproof & Sun-proof All Natural Snake Repellent Safe for Dogs. 5,6,10,19-21 In 3 recent prospective studies, the proportion of copperhead patients receiving FabAV ranged from 14% to 75%, and in theHow much does copperhead antivenom cost? Antivenom costs an arm and a leg, you know, the ones you’re trying to save from a snakebite. 0 million by 2029, exhibiting a CAGR of 7. His father. Yes, Benedryl can help with snakes bites. Fees and costs for licensing, regulation and hospital profits amounted to 27. Despite the exorbitant prices for which the product can be sold in the U. But the copperhead doesn’t wait for summer. In 2000, an FabAV antivenom (CroFab®) was introduced and in 2022, F(ab’) 2 AV (Anavip®) was approved for treatment of copperhead bites. 2010. You may need antivenom. Because copperhead envenomations are usually self-limited, some physicians are reluctant to use this costly treatment routinely, while others follow a more liberal approach. Jr, et al. Antivenom binds to the toxin and prevents it from damaging tissue cells. Two summers ago, a 17-year-old was bitten by a copperhead snake in Hillsborough. The final cost is even higher for patients. Ann. It is estimated that 20-25% of pit viper bites are “dry” or no venom is released into the bite. Ann Emerg Med. 00 Add to cart; African Snakes Polyvalent Antivenom $ 199. Some articles refer to weeks/months of recovery. All I could do was rush to the vet and pray for the best. Are Cats Immune To Snake Bites? (Finally Explained!) Only 31 per cent of dogs survive being bitten by an eastern brown snake without antivenom, while 66 per cent of cats survive. 0 Patient Case. Wash the wound with soap and water. The high usage of FabAV at the study site underscores the need for continued work to optimize the use of antivenom for copperhead envenomations. Presently, copperhead bites are treated with CroFab, a treatment tested and proven for cottonmouth and rattlesnake bites. Size. $3,200 per vial. The absolute most important thing you should do before anything else is call 9-1-1 or Poison Control. But, you need to make sure that it does not contain two ingredients; acetaminophen and pseudoephedrine. Our center that sees primarily copperhead snake bites added the recently approved treatment as a second option for. Not all copperhead bites require antivenom. 049. 2. “Copperhead bites can cause serious local reaction, which can result in . “It’s a lot of money, but it’s worth it,” . Even though copperhead envenomation is rarely fatal, virtually all patients experience pain and swelling of the envenomated limb [6,8-11]. The first one came in March, and the last one was in November. SCORE. How much is a vial of King Cobra antivenom? A single vial of Boomslang antivenom costs $5500 and one could require up to 3 vials to counteract a serious bite. The only antivenom derived from native US pit vipers to treat envenomations from all species of North American pit vipers 1. thedragon said: Here in Australia, brown snake antivenom can cost $300 plus per vial and has to be refrigerated. No comparisons between the treatment characteristics of patients have been made since Anavip and CroFab have both been widely available. Wyeth Laboratories Inc. antivenom only once . We hypothesized that, in practice, only patients with evidence of significant (moderate or severe. Today is Sunday 5/28/06, I still have a swollen ankle, pain in my calf and knee. She is on the mend after two days in the hospital and three rounds of anti-venom. We hypothesized that, in practice, only. The cost of the anti-venom (option 1) was high with an estimated cost of $1,500-2,000 for the treatment over the next 24 hours. Hospitals. It can cost around $450 per vial for the antivenom itself. This practice may expose patients to the risks of antivenin and increasing costs of medical care without improving outcomes. Their dens are often near the borders of marshes, creeks, rivers and lakes. Note that this analysis excluded envenomation from copperhead (Agkistrodon) species as so few of these patients in the NASBR database received Anavip®. About 4,000 to 6,000 venomous snakebites occur each year in the United States. 00/Count) Save $2. April 20, 2023 · 11 min read. Antivenom. The frequency of antivenom use for copperhead bites did not significantly increase between 2006 and 2016. —generally over 100 times what ICP antivenoms go for—the relative rarity of venomous bites and the esoteric, labor. A recently published placebo-controlled clinical trial affords this opportunity. 1 percent, Boyer found that the. snake antivenom . 00 Add to cart; Neuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom $ 199. Clinical trial data show that copperhead victims treated with ovine Fab antivenom recovered more quickly and had a shorter duration of opioid analgesic use than those who received placebo. It’s get to the ER and get the antivenom. One prospective clinical trial evaluating this antivenom in dogs reported that 1. Concern over adverse events and cost induce some physicians to manage copperhead bites without antivenom because they are generally milder in severity. There are several known differences between the two products, but. Antivenom is essentially pre-made antibodies to a mixture of different rattlesnake venoms. Antivenom costs an arm and a leg- you know- the ones you’re trying to save from that snakebite. Antivenom lyophilized is a refined and concentrated preparation of serum globulins for intravenous administration, containing equine immunoglobulin fragments F(ab') 2 , obtained from the plasma of healthy equines, hyperimmunized against venoms of above species of snakes. If injected quickly after a bite or sting, the antibodies in antivenom neutralize the venom, potentially saving the victim’s life or limb. Ferguson and his wife Laura researched the price of the medicine and found its retail price was. Emergency treatment for a copperhead bite in a 9-year-old Indiana girl last summer cost a jaw-dropping $142,938, according to a. • Last year, a Raleigh woman. The search strategy and selection incorporated both controlled vocabulary terms and keywords to describe concepts relevant to the search. The incidence of infection in these envenomations is approximately 2%. She and other antivenom experts walk us through how they create the antidote to the world's deadliest snakebites. Shorten hospital stays, reducing non-antivenom costs regarding snake bite care. Many dog owners are shocked to see a snake, or to see their pet hurt and injured. But the copperhead doesn’t wait for summer. Antivenom costs an arm and a leg- you know- the ones you're trying to save from that snakebite. Antivenom alone $200,000. “The decision on whether to use antivenom is complex and depends on the. Beyond the risk to your pet, the treatment is expensive—often more than $2,500. Antivenom treatment can speed recovery and reduce need for opiate pain medications. Quackenbush: “Copperhead bites can cause serious local reaction, which can result in pain and debility in the affected limb. It has a long, slender tail, which it.